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System & Processes
Processes, services, scheduling, logs, kernel and hardware information.
anacron
Cron for machines not always on
at
Schedule a one-time command to run at a specified time.
auditctl
Control the Linux audit system
ausearch
Search audit logs
busctl
D-Bus inspection
cgroups
Inspect and manage control groups that limit process resources.
chkconfig
Manage SysV services at boot (RHEL legacy)
chroot
Change the root directory for a process and its children.
chrt
Real-time scheduling
cron
Schedule recurring tasks using the system cron daemon.
crontab
View, edit, or manage per-user cron schedules for recurring jobs.
date
Display or set the system date and time; format timestamps.
dmesg
Print or control the kernel ring buffer messages.
dmidecode
Show hardware info from BIOS/DMI
flock
Prevent overlapping runs
free
Display total, used, and available system memory.
fuser
Identify processes using files or sockets.
getcap
Show file capabilities
getconf
Query system limits
groups
List group memberships
hostname
Show or set the hostname
hostnamectl
Query and set the system hostname, OS info, and machine identity.
htop
Interactive process viewer
hwclock
Read/set the hardware clock
id
Print user and group IDs
ionice
Set I/O scheduling class
iostat
Report CPU and disk I/O statistics.
journalctl
Query and display systemd journal logs.
journalctl -u
Logs for one unit
kill
Send a signal to a process — commonly used to terminate processes.
killall
Kill processes by name
last
Show login history
lastb
Show failed login attempts
lastlog
Show last login per user
ldd
Print shared library dependencies
localectl
Control locale and keyboard settings
logger
Send messages to the system log (syslog/journald).
loginctl
Manage login sessions
logrotate
Automatically rotate, compress, and manage log files.
lscpu
Display CPU architecture and topology information.
lshw
List hardware configuration
lsmod
List loaded kernel modules
lsns
List namespaces
lsof
List open files and network connections by processes.
lspci
List PCI devices
lsusb
List USB devices
modinfo
Show kernel module information
modprobe
Load or remove kernel modules
mpstat
Per-CPU statistics
nice
Run a command with a lower priority
nohup
Run a command immune to hangup signals (SSH disconnects).
nproc
Print the number of available processing units.
nsenter
Enter the namespaces of another process.
ntpdate
Set the clock once from an NTP server
numactl
NUMA policy control
pgrep
Find process IDs by name or other attributes.
pidof
Find process IDs by name
pidstat
Per-process statistics
pkill
Send signals to processes matched by name or attributes.
poweroff
Power off the machine
ps
Display information about currently running processes.
pstree
Show processes as a tree
reboot
Reboot the system
renice
Change priority of a running process
reset
Reinitialise the terminal
rsyslog
Configure and manage the rsyslog system logging daemon.
sar
Collect and report system activity statistics over time.
script
Record a terminal session
sensors
Show temperature and fan sensors
service
Run a SysV init script / systemctl wrapper
setcap
Set file capabilities
shutdown
Power off or reboot the system
sudoedit
Edit root-owned files safely
sysctl
Read and write kernel parameters at runtime.
systemctl
Control the systemd init system and service manager.
systemctl advanced
Advanced systemd service management: dependencies, drop-ins, and masking.
systemctl daemon-reload
Reload unit files
systemctl disable
Disable a service at boot
systemctl edit
Create unit overrides
systemctl mask
Make a unit impossible to start
systemctl restart
Restart a service
systemctl stop
Stop a service
systemd timer
Systemd timer units as a modern alternative to cron.
systemd-cat
Send output to the journal
taskset
Set CPU affinity
timedatectl
Query and configure system time, date, and timezone.
top
Real-time dynamic view of system processes, CPU, and memory usage.
ulimit
Get and set resource limits for the current shell and child processes.
uname
Print system information including kernel version and architecture.
unshare
Run a program with some namespaces unshared from the parent.
uptime
Show how long the system has been running and load averages.
vmstat
Report virtual memory, CPU, and I/O statistics.
w
Show who is logged in and what they run
watch
Repeatedly execute a command at intervals and display output.
who
Show who is logged in
whoami
Print the current username