iconv

Convert text encodings

low risk

interactive breakdown — edit the command and press Explain
$ 
⚠ Risks & cautions
What it does

Converts between character encodings such as ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8.

Common flags
FlagMeaning
-fSource encoding
-tTarget encoding
-cDrop characters that cannot be converted
Examples
iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8 in.txt > out.txtConvert to UTF-8 · explain & risk-check →
Related
file
Open the full explainer →More in Text Processing

Reference text is hand-written and may be incomplete — check man iconv for your version. Test destructive commands on a non-production system first.